Slavery in Africa Essay Example for Free

Slavery in Africa Essay For almost the entire recorded history in most communities, slavery is a prominent feature. However, slave trade in Africa left a remarkable legacy due to the large numbers of slaves that were involved and also the sufferings that the slaves were subjected to. This makes the slavery that took place in Africa to be of great significance and thus it cannot be ignored. Slavery was outstanding in Africa than in any other part of the world, many years before the transatlantic slavery. The Lagos maritime town was the first to be used by the Portuguese as a slave market where they could be able to sell the African slaves after they were imported (Evans, Para 3). Slavery in Africa The issue of whether slavery existed in the communities of the sub Saharan Africa before the Europeans arrived in these regions is an issue that is hotly contested between the Eurocentric and Afrocentric academics. But the controversy does not eliminate the fact that slave trade was a prominent feature in Africa. It is very evident from many historical sources that the Africans were subjected to various forms of slavery. The chattel slavery was practiced by the Europeans via the famous Trans Atlantic slave trade and the Muslims who were conducting the Trans Saharan slave trade. Years after slave trade was abolished in Africa, the vice continued as the colonial powers governing Africa continued to subject Africans to forced labor (Evans, Para 5). Slavery in Africa was practiced by both the Europeans and Muslims. The Muslims were involved in slave trade across the Saharan region. They based this practice on the Qur’ran which prescribes that slavery should be approached on humanitarian grounds. According to the Qur’ran, free men should not be made slaves and those practicing other religions should be protected. Nevertheless, the increase of the empire of the Islam in Africa led to the harsh interpretation of the Qur’ran law. This made the people who were proclaiming other religions to be considered as ideal candidates of slavery by the Muslims. Such slaves were either sold by the Muslims to other people who wanted slaves or the Muslims themselves could take them as their own slaves (Miers, pp 130). When the Portuguese arrived for the first time at the African coast of the Atlantic in 1430s, they were only interested in gold and not slaves. However, by the end of the sixteenth century, the Portuguese had already traded more than eighty one thousand African slaves to the neighboring Atlantic islands, Europe and to the Muslim merchants (Evans, Para 7). For two centuries, i. e. between the years 1440-1640, the Portuguese had the monopoly of exporting slaves to Europe from Africa. It is remarkable that Portugal was the last European nation to abolish slave trade, although France continued to oppress the former slaves through forced labor. It is approximated that during the entire period of slave trade in Africa, which lasted for about four and a half centuries, the slave trade of the trans Atlantic, in which the Portuguese were the main players, managed to export more than four and a half million Africans as slaves to other countries. However, during the 18th century, when more than six million Africans became slaves in foreign countries, Britain was the most notorious nation practicing the vice, but this fact is usually forgotten by the people who cite the prime role played by Britain in bringing to an end the slave trade not only in Africa but in the entire world (Lovejoy, pp 129). The main aim of slavery in Africa was to provide cheap labor to the countries which were developing at that time and which were in dire need of cheap labor. The Muslims and countries such as Portugal were the main participants in the trade since they were able to export the slaves from Africa and thus sell them to other countries and creating wealth from the trade. The Africans who were captured as slaves were first taken to the local slave markets where they were sold and later transported via the Atlantic Ocean to other countries where they remained for the rest of their lives as slaves (Miers, pp 220). Conclusion Slave trade in Africa was very prominent than in any other part of the world. This is because millions of Africans were enslaved by the more powerful nations such as Britain and Portugal. The Africans who became slaves in foreign countries were subjected to a lot of suffering by their masters. They were denied most of their rights and were forced to work for their masters without any pay. Work cited: Evans, Alistair Boddy; Slavery of Africans and Slavery in Africa (2009): Retrieved on 3rd July 2009 from, http://africanhistory. about. com/od/slavery/a/Slavery101. htm. Lovejoy, Paul E. ; Transformations in slavery: a history of slavery in Africa (2000): Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0521784301. Miers, Suzanne; Slavery in Africa: historical and anthropological perspectives (1979): Univ. of Wisconsin Press, ISBN 0299073343.

Java Programming Language Essay -- Computers Technology Programming La

Java: It's not just for breakfast anymore! The World-Wide Web as it is today reminds me of a bad date I had once; boring, flat, and unexciting. It does absolutely nothing for me. The pages are limited by the specifications of HTML which calls for a two-dimensional layout and a static page. I for one am looking for some new element. A new angle if you will. Something to jolt some life into The Web. Sun Microsystem's Java will bring a new interactive element to the Web. It is designed to enhance the browsing experience and take us into the next generation of The Web. "Java is an object-oriented language that adds animation and real-time interaction through in-line applications (called applets)." (Network Computing) So you are asking yourself, What is Java? How does it work? "Java is a simple, object-oriented, multithreaded, garbage-collected, secure, robust, architectural-neutral, portable, high-performance, dynamic language. The language is similar to C and C++ but much simpler. I think Eric Schmidt, Sun's Chief Technical Officer, put it best when he said, "Java is C++ without the guns, knives, and mace. It was designed for a consumer devices market, to allow applications to move among the devices in a secure manner." (P.C. LETTER) Java programs are compiled into a binary format that can be executed on many platforms without recompilation." (Dr. Dobb) It works by converting the code into a format the Java interpreter can understand. The code or "applets" can be embedded in any standard HTML page. An applet can do most anything a regular C program can do. It is equally complex as C for any given task. For the technically impaired, Java is a highly flexible product for developing programs for The Web. It is capable of carryi... ...5, v20 n8 p56-62 "Java and Internet programming: similar to C and C++ but much simpler" van Hoff, Arthur INFOWORLD; May 1995, v17 n22 p16 "Netscape inks pact with Sun, Macromedia" Wingfield, Nick LAN TIMES; June 1995, v12 n12 p44 "Sun, Netscape to wake up Web users" Raynovich, R. Scott MacUser; Sept 1995, v11 n9 P31 "The Internet becomes multimedia-savvy:Macromedia, Sun nab Netscape Navigator" Snell, Jason Network Computing; August 1995, v6 n9 p48-49 "Next generation Web Browsing" Kohlhepp, Robert Newsbytes; July 1995, pnew07180011 "Sun Microsystems Intros First Java Application" Bowers, Richard P.C. Letter; June 1995, v11 n9-10 p5 "Sun's Schmidt explains Java strategy" Author not given PCWEEK; June 1995, v12 n22 p14 "Sun's Java technology perks up WWW; Java language and HotJava browser provide extensiblity to the World-Wide Web" Sullivan, Eamonn

The Cost Advantage And Differentiation Advantage Commerce Essay

With the aid of company ‘s resources and the full capablenesss a company can make these distinction scheme and cost scheme for accomplishing the competitory advantage. It is of import for the house to make up one's mind on choosing a peculiar scheme that should the house focal point on distinguishing the merchandise or should the house attempt to follow the cost scheme, it wholly depends on the company and the type of company it is. Achieving both the cost and distinction advantage helps the company to accomplish positional advantage which mean that the company is a leader in its ‘ industry.    R? µsourc? µs D-st-nct-v? µ Comp? µt? µnc-? µs Cost dv & A ; deg ; nt & A ; deg ; g? µ or D-ff? µr? µnt- & A ; deg ; t-on dv & A ; deg ; nt & A ; deg ; g? µ V & A ; deg ; lu? µ Cr? µ & A ; deg ; t-on C & A ; deg ; p & A ; deg ; b-l-t-? µs       Forming the market scheme When explicating the existent selling scheme the company really formulates its scheme in many different ways but the astonishing portion is that all of the ways includes dimension. The degree at which the investing should be included or turn a concern Focus on the merchandise or better the service market where the company has to vie Improvement of the merchandise line, positioning the merchandise, or concentrating on the pricing determination or execution of the distribution schemes which are needed to accomplish competitory advantage. Skills needed or the assets to implement the scheme and accomplish competitory advantage. The company where situated, in the long term to be a leader in the market the best manner to accomplish leading is by making the nucleus competences. The betterments in engineerings are doing the domestic trade and the international trade more competitory. Harmonizing to Kotlar, 2004 a company can outdo set up a scheme by understanding globalization and analyze it to explicate schemes. All the factors such as globalization and engineerings are all interconnected. It is because of engineering that there are huge sum of communicating taking topographic point which helps companies to happen other companies where they can make concern. In these ways competition around the universe is increasing and therefore the companies need to explicate schemes which will impact the company in positive and assist the company to be a leader in their industry. Economicss of graduated table Achieving economic sciences of graduated table is really of import for a company because it is related to the cost that is needed to bring forth a peculiar merchandise or services. There are two types of schemes that a company can implement and which can be allowed by lone economic sciences of graduated table. These two schemes are low cost scheme and market pricing scheme. In the low cost scheme the company reduces the merchandise or services doing cost which helps them ear more net income by giving the merchandise to the client at a lower cost for which the company enjoys the economic sciences of graduated table which leads them to accomplish competitory advantage. In the low cost scheme all the company have to make is to maintain the fixed cost of the merchandise or services unchanged and cut down the variable cost which is possible for the administration if they have adequate assets and good direction to command the cost of their services. The other scheme for the company through economic sciences of graduated table would be to maintain the monetary value which is set by the market but cut down the cost of bring forthing the services for which the company will hold cut down the variable cost. After cut downing the variable cost the company the company can bear down the merchandise at the market monetary value but gaining more net income than the other companies. This is why economic sciences of graduated table is needed for a company to accomplish. Value concatenation To make more offers for the consumers a company besides needs to concentrate on the value concatenation which will intern offer clients more expeditiously and assist to company to use the cost more efficaciously. This will ensue for the company to supply services in much more inexpensive manner or at a lower cost which will distinguish the merchandise from that of the rivals. Harmonizing to Rajnandan ( 2007 ) claims that concentrating on the value concatenation does non intend merely seeking it or merely to add value ; it besides means adding values such as betterment of the substructure of the company, engineerings and other critical functions which helps the company to accomplish the competitory advantage. When a company needs to make up one's mind on outsourcing so value concatenation is needed. . ( Porter, 1999 ) Harmonizing to Lancaster, 2002, it is necessary for a company to concentrate on the rival ‘s scheme, how the other companies in the same industry are carry oning or implementing their scheme. This allows the company to roll up information which will take to pass on the competitory variables. All the variables may include how the other company works in footings of viing with their challengers and it will assist the company who is conveying the study will hold the cognition of how the other company is working. After holding the information on the other company, the company can analyze and implement a much more different scheme which will assist them to accomplish competitory advantage via communicating effectivity. Both the upstream and the downstream providers are connected to the value concatenation which consequences in an addition in the value concatenation and it is known as value system. Concentrating on value system is really of import and a company should non merely concentrate on the value concatenation which will do company accomplish more competitory advantage. This is necessary because for the consequence of globalization and the promotion in the engineerings, deregulating led to the addition in competition. In this consequence the administration had to cut cost but first of all the best manner to vie is to concentrate on the value watercourse. ( Kiichiro Fukasaku, 2007 ) Focus on the market For the administrations that are wholly marketing oriented, who can be merchandise or service based or net income or non net income based has to concentrate on the client satisfaction and fulfill their demands and wants. Harmonizing to Lancaster, 2002 the chief key to concentrate and accomplish the administration end expeditiously and efficaciously in the instance of the selling concept the best manner is by wholly being client oriented, being focused on the profitableness and besides co-ordinate selling. To convey this market scheme it is of import for the company to implement a market research through which the company will acquire to cognize the best manner to be competitory and increase net income. Market research is simple an analysis of the entire market of a peculiar industry where there are model-building and facts which will assist the company to do peculiar determination which will intern assist the company to accomplish administration ends efficaciously ( Kotler, 1999 ) . To back up the schemes that are implemented by the companies, the scheme capablenesss are needed. To prolong the competitory advantage the strategic capablenesss are besides needed, some of the links that are needed as a tool and patterns of accomplishing competitory scheme are given below. ( Susman, 1992 ) Figure: The nexus between design tools and patterns and competitory scheme The company needs to larn both its ‘ external and internal environment and this is the manner how the company will hold the ability to entree and capture the information. All this processes can be easy simplified which may be merely done minimising the complexness of information while roll uping and treating them. Through this the company will be able to larn the purchasing behavior of the seller and the client and how the clients behave while buying a peculiar merchandise or services. Both the clients and the sellers get full satisfaction after implementing the study and entree the information, because now the client will be provided with better services and merchandises and at the same the the seller will able to gain more net incomes. ( Lancaster, 2002 ) Awareness KNOWLEDGE Liking Preference Conviction Purchase Figure: The Innovation/Adoption theoretical account ( Lancaster 2002 ) The schemes which are implemented by the companies can be looked at as wide visions which may dwell of consistent constellation of activities are taken by the competitory advantage. The model of competitory advantage may assist the company to supply with some of the tools that may be used to ticket and look at the drivers of the cost and the place of the cost that the company is in. The model besides helps the company to acquire the strategically section the market in an industry. ( Porter, 1998 ) E-Trading These yearss about everyone in the developed and the developing states trusts and have full entree to computing machines for which E-Trading has increased. It is non merely making concern with the clients merely but it besides involves making concern with the other concern. It may be making concern with the providers or making concern with the direct Sellerss or the retail mercantile establishment via cyberspace. This occurred because of the engineering promotion, globalization and the huge usage of cyberspace. The tendency is ever of latest manner when the company have to travel with the tendencies and the latest manner for the company to cover with certain alterations so the company must non keep back. For a company the best option would be to follow up the tendency and convey in alterations for which the companies have to put in all the recent engineerings and develop the company ‘s proficient substructure. This will let the company to cover with the client online and do con cern online and there are many advantages when companies get involved in E trading. It is said that E trading is the fastest and the quickest manner to buy goods from the providers and sell the goods to the clients. These twenty-four hours all the established Bankss have the option for doing dealing through cyberspace hence if a company have Tocopherol trading option so the company can do easy and safe minutess with the Bankss with really small mistakes because the security of online banking is really rigorous but quicker. ( Balthasar, 2010 ) Changing Nature of Consumer Behaviour The clients are the 1s who want to take control of accepting the service that are given by any fiscal establishment. This is because all the clients are smart and the get all the information about which bank or establishment is giving the best offers to the client through the promotion of media and other intelligence documents. Therefore the clients will merely be interested in those Bankss and establishments from which clients will acquire the best services and single demands and satisfaction. ( CMA Management, 2006 ) All the Bankss who want to go celebrated and achieve market leading so the Bankss have to concentrate on the client ‘s wants and demands. By concentrating on the client needs the Bankss should plan and make schemes which will assist the bank to command the clients. For farther hereafter success of the bank, the bank needs to take advanced attacks which will alter the concern design, work force direction and IT. ( Sunny Banerjea, 2009 ) The services clients look for largely is how secure is the security of their money, the demand of protagonism, and stabilization of the control of banking relationships. In this decennary for the promotion in invention and engineerings there are great Numberss of variegations in the concern. In this epoch the Bankss are the 1s who are prosecuting more into the investing, underwriting of securities, prosecuting in insurance concern and portfolio direction. For this the Bankss have to ever remain equipped and when the client looks in to Bankss side concern they start experiencing more safer and salvage tier money into the that bank. Data Management Since this is the epoch of engineering and latest invention the Bankss has to be updated continuously and all the informations should be stored carefully when shifted from one engineering to the other. All the informations should ever be incorporated right through sellers which allows the bank to maintain the right information and the informations related to the client, their histories, client balance, day-to-day dealing of many clients and the bank ‘s personal informations which are related to bank ‘s concern. Harmonizing to Wall Street Arrow Market Insights, 2009 claimed that the more sophisticated the data direction substructure is at that place the more hard it is for the bank to command them. Therefore the Bankss have to do certain that their system which manages that informations are non excessively sophisticated or excessively simple, it has to be a standard one. Economic Convulsion Due to the economic catastrophe the assurance of the bank was lost because the menaces the full bank faced because of the recession was still acquiring deeper instead than demoing any betterment. Some the Bankss were backed by the authoritiess but the others had to go forth the baking concern or sell the concern to some other party who had the power to salvage certain Bankss. The consequence of crisis is easy diminishing but the companies who survived are seeking their best to retrieve every bit fast as possible for which the Bankss are became more competitory and competition between Bankss has increased. There are monolithic competitions in the market and the company has to believe first analyse the market and the rivals so use a suited scheme. In this manner the Bankss that are in debt can acquire out off debt and earn net income. All the schemes that were discussed supra are really of import for the Bankss to follow so that the Bankss can come out of the job that was caused by the economic catastrophe.

Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)

The Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) was an organization established during the Civil Rights Movement. Established in April 1960 at Shaw University, SNCC organizers worked throughout the South planning sit-ins, voter registration drives and protests. The organization was no longer in operation by the 1970s as the Black Power Movement became popular. As a former SNCC member argues: In a time when the civil rights struggle is presented as a bedtime story with a beginning, middle, and end, it is important to revisit the work of SNCC and their call for transforming American democracy. Establishment of SNCC In 1960, Ella Baker, an established civil rights activist and an official with the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC), organized African American college students who had been involved in the 1960 sit-ins to a meeting at Shaw University. In opposition to Martin Luther King Jr., who wanted the students to work with the SCLC, Baker encouraged the attendees to create an independent organization. James Lawson, a theology student at Vanderbilt University, wrote a mission statement we affirm the philosophical or religious ideals of nonviolence as the foundation of our purpose, the presupposition of our faith, and the manner of our action. Nonviolence, growing from Judaic-Christian traditions, seeks a social order of justice permeated by love. That same year, Marion Barry was elected as SNCCs first chairman. Freedom Rides By 1961, SNCC was gaining prominence as a civil rights organization. That year, the group galvanized students and civil rights activists to participate in the Freedom Rides to investigate how effectively the Interstate Commerce Commission was enforcing the Supreme Court ruling of equal treatment in interstate travel. By November of 1961, SNCC was organizing voter registration drives in Mississippi. SNCC also organized desegregation campaigns in Albany, Ga. known as the Albany Movement. March on Washington In August of 1963, SNCC was one of the chief organizers of the March on Washington along with Congress of Racial Equality (CORE), the SCLC and the NAACP. John Lewis, chairman of SNCC was scheduled to speak but his criticism of the proposed civil rights bill caused other organizers to pressure Lewis to change the tone of his speech. Lewis and SNCC led listeners in a chant, to We want our freedom, and we want it now. Freedom Summer The following summer, SNCC worked with CORE as well as other civil rights organizations to register Mississippi voters. That same year, SNCC members helped establish the Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party to create diversity in the states Democratic Party. The work of SNCC and the MFDP caused the National Democratic Party to mandate that all states have equality in its delegation by the 1968 election. Local Organizations From initiatives such as Freedom Summer, voter registration, and other initiatives, local African American communities began creating organizations to meet the needs of their community. For instance, in Selma, African Americans state the Lowndes County Freedom Organization. Later Years and Legacy By the late 1960s, SNCC changed its name to the Student National Coordinating Committee to reflect its changing philosophy. Several members, particularly James Forman believed that nonviolence might not be the only strategy to overcoming racism. Forman once admitted that he did not know how much longer we can stay nonviolent. Under the leadership of Stokely Carmicheal, SNCC began protesting against the Vietnam War and became aligned with the  Black Power Movement. By the 1970s, SNCC was no longer an active organization   Former SNCC member Julian Bond has said, a  final SNCC legacy is the destruction of the psychological shackles which had kept black southerners in physical and mental peonage; SNCC helped break those chains forever. It demonstrated that ordinary women and men, young and old, could perform extraordinary tasks.